Effect of tumor-stromal fibroblasts on the biological behavior of salivary gland pleomorphic adenoma cells in vitro / 华西口腔医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#This study aims to investigate the effects of tumor-stromal fibroblasts (TSFs) on the proliferation, invasion, and migration of salivary gland pleomorphic adenoma (SPA) cells in vitro.@*METHODS@#Salivary gland pleomorphic adenoma cells (SPACs), TSFs, and peri-tumorous normal fibroblasts (NFs) were obtained by tissue primary culture and identified by immunocytochemical staining. The conditioned medium was obtained from TSF and NF in logarithmic phase. SPACs were cultured by conditioned medium and treated by TSF (group TSF-SPAC) and NF (group NF-SPAC). SPACs were used as the control group. The proliferation, invasion, and migration of the three groups of cells were detected by MTT, transwell, and scratch assays, respectively. The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the three groups was tested by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).@*RESULTS@#Immunocytochemical staining showed positive vimentin expression in NF and TSF. Results also indicated the weak positive expression of α-smooth muscle actin (SMA) and fibroblast activation protein (FAP) in TSFs and the negative expression of α-SMA and FAP in NFs. MTT assay showed that cell proliferation in the TSF-SPAC group was significantly different from that in the NF-SPAC and SPAC groups (P<0.05). Cell proliferation was not different between the NF-SPAC and SPAC groups (P>0.05). Transwell and scratch assays showed no difference in cell invasion and migration among the groups (P>0.05). ELISA showed that no significant difference in VEGF expression among the three groups (P>0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#TSFs may be involved in SPA biological behavior by promoting the proliferation of SPACs but has no effect on the invasion and migration of SPACs in vitro. Hence, TSF may be a new therapeutic target in SPA treatment.

Unstimulated whole salivary flow in Sjögren's Syndrome: systematic literature review and meta-analysis

Abstract Background: Sjögren's Syndrome compromises the exocrine function, producing xerostomia and xerophthalmia. It can appear as an isolated condition or associated with other autoimmune diseases (polyautoimmunity). The Unstimulated Salivary Flow rate (UWSF) is used to quantify saliva production. There is no objective evidence to differentiate the values in patients with Sjögren's versus healthy people or patients with non-Sjögren's sicca. The objective of the present review was to evaluate the UWSF in patients with Sjögren's syndrome in comparison to controls (healthy and non-Sjögren's sicca patients). Methods: A systematic literature review was carried out (PRISMA guidelines). Analytical observational studies of cases and controls, cross-sectional studies, cohort studies and randomized clinical trials (including healthy controls) were considered. The Medline/OVID, Lilacs, Embase, and Cochrane/OVID databases were consulted. MeSH, DeCS, keywords, and Boolean operators were used. The meta-analysis (RevMan 5.2) was done through the random-effects model [mean difference (MD)]. Level and quality of evidence were evaluated by the Oxford Center Levels of Evidence and Joanna Brigs list respectively. Results: Thirty-two articles were included (20 were case-control studies,6 were cross-sectional,2 prospective cohort,2 retrospective cohort, and2 studies were abstracts) and 28 were meta-analyzed. The unstimulated whole salivary flow rate in the Sjögren's group was lower than in controls (healthy and patients with non-Sjögren Sicca syndrome) (MD-0.18 ml/min; 95% CI, −0.24 to −0.13; chi2-P-value <0.00001). Heterogeneity was 97% and there was publication bias (funnel plot). The level of evidence was mostly3 or 4. The quality of evidence was met (97% of items valued). Conclusion: For the first time, the unstimulated whole salivary flow rate is found to be lower in patients with Sjögren's syndrome compared to controls (healthy and non-SS sicca) through a meta-analysis. (AU)

Obesity, salivary glands and oral pathology / Obesidad, glándulas salivales y patología oral

Abstract Obesity has reached pandemic proportions in recent years. Not only adults suffer from the disease, but increasingly children and young people. One of the main causes of overweight and obesity is excessive food intake, in particular heavily processed carbohydrates. Obesity alters multiple organs, including the salivary glands, bringing functional alterations with it. Among researchers, the relation between obesity and tooth decay, periodontal disease and xerostomia is being debated. More and more scientific reports are drawing attention to the changes in the microflora of the oral cavity during obesity. All changes are closely related to the morphological and functional alterations of the salivary glands. This article review presents the current points of view regarding the impact of obesity on the health of the salivary glands, and how changes their functions influence other structures in the oral cavity.

Resumen La obesidad ha alcanzado proporciones pandémicas en los últimos años. No solo los adultos padecen la enfermedad, sino también cada vez más niños y jóvenes. Una de las principales causas del sobrepeso y la obesidad es la ingesta excesiva de alimentos, en particular los carbohidratos altamente procesados. La obesidad altera múltiples órganos, incluidas las glándulas salivales, y trae consigo alteraciones funcionales. Entre los investigadores, se está debatiendo la relación entre la obesidad y la caries dental, la enfermedad periodontal y la xerostomía. Cada vez más informes científicos están llamando la atención sobre los cambios en la microflora de la cavidad oral durante la obesidad. Todos los cambios están estrechamente relacionados con las alteraciones morfológicas y funcionales de las glándulas salivales. Esta revisión del artículo presenta los puntos de vista actuales sobre el impacto de la obesidad en la salud de las glándulas salivales, y cómo los cambios en sus funciones influyen en otras estructuras de la cavidad oral.

Drugs or disease: evaluating salivary function in RA patients

Abstract Oral complications of RA may include temporomandibular joint disorders, mucosa alterations and symptoms of dry mouth. The aim of this study was to evaluate the salivary gland function of subjects with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) comparing it to healthy controls. Subjects with other systemic conditions known to affect salivary functions were excluded. A questionnaire was applied for the evaluation of xerostomia. Resting and chewing-stimulated salivary flow rates (SFR) were obtained under standard conditions. There were 145 subjects included of the study (104 RA and 38 controls). About 66.7% of the RA subjects and 2.4% in control group presented xerostomia. The median resting SFR were 0.24 ml/min for RA subjects and 0.40 mL/min for controls (p = 0.04). The median stimulated SFR were 1.31 mL/min for RA subjects and 1.52 ml/min for controls (p = 0.33). No significant differences were found between resting and stimulated SFR of RA subjects not using xerogenic medications and controls. There was significantly higher number of subjects presenting hyposalivation in the RA group than among controls, even when subjects using xerogenic medications were eliminated from the analysis. In conclusion, hyposalivation and xerostomia were more frequent among RA subjects not using xerogenic medication than among controls, although there were no significant differences in the median SFR between groups.

Localization of cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) in submandibular and sublingual salivary glands of mice throughout postnatal development / Localización de los receptores cannabinoides 1 (CB1) en glándulas salivales submandibulares y sublinguales de ratones durante el desarrollo postnatal

In view of the fact that human marijuana users often show dry mouth symptom, the present study was attempted to examine the localization of CB1, which was originally identified in brain, in the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands of postnatal developing male mice by immunohistochemistry. In submandibular gland, CB1-immunoreactivity was positive in a majority of acinar cells in forms of granular appearance in their apical cytoplasm, while it was negative in the ducts at newborn stage. The immunoreactivity decreased in the acinar cells at P1W and no immunoreactivity was detected in the acinar cells at P3W and thereafter. The immunoreactivity was positive in ductal cells at P3W and it remained positive thereafter until P8W stage. The immunoreaction was distinct on the apical plasmalemma of the intercalated ductal cells, while it was distinct on the basal plasmalemma of the granular convoluted ductal cells. The enhanced immunostaining on the lateral plasmalemma of the granular ductal cells was discerned only on P6W. In sublingual gland, CB1-immunoreactivity was detected in the demilune acinar cells and ductal cells only on P4W. Furthermore, CB1-immunoreactivity was shown to occur in the salivary ganglionic neurons, suggesting the CB1-inhibitory action in the saliva secretion through the parasympathetic nervous transmission.

En vista de que los usuarios humanos de la marihuana a menudo presentan síntomas de sequedad oral, en el presente estudio se intentó examinar la localización de CB1, que se identificó originalmente en el cerebro, en las glándulas salivales submandibulares y sublinguales durante el desarrollo postnatal en ratones machos. En la glándula submandibular, la inmunoreactividad CB1 fue positiva en la mayoría de las células acinares de apariencia granular en su citoplasma apical, mientras que fue negativa en los conductos en la etapa de recién nacidos. La inmunorreactividad disminuyó en las células acinares en P1W y no se detectó inmunoreactividad en las células acinares en P3W. La inmunoreactividad fue positiva en las células ductales en P3W y se mantuvo positiva hasta la etapa P8W. La inmunorreacción se observó en el plasmalema apical de las células ductales intercaladas, mientras que fue distinta en el plasmalema basal de las células ductales contorneadas granulares. La inmunotinción mejorada en el plasmalema lateral de las células ductales granulares fue distingible sólo en P6W. En la glándula sublingual, se detectó inmunoreactividad CB1 en las células acinares y se observaron células ductales solamente en P4W. Además, se demostró que la inmunoreactividad CB1 se produce en las neuronas ganglionares salivales, lo que sugiere la acción CB1 inhibitoria en la secreción de saliva a través de la transmisión parasimpática nerviosa.

[ correlation of blood glucose with salivary glucose level in diabetic patients]

Finding a relationship between the blood glucose level and its concentration in other body fluids such as the saliva can help in developing a conservative method for blood sugar assessment replacing venous sampling .The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship of blood glucose level with salivary glucose in diabetic patients. This case-control study was conducted on 75 diabetic patients as the case and 75 healthy subjects as the control group. Blood and salivary glucose levels were measured in the two groups. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to assess the correlation of blood glucose with salivary glucose in the two groups The mean [ +/- SD] blood glucose and salivary glucose level was 247 +/- 24.2mg/dl and 1.4 +/- 0.2mg/dl in the case group, respectively. These rates were 84.97 +/- 15.8 and 1.09 +/- 0.12mg/dl in the control group, respectively. Statistical analyses showed a high correlation between blood glucose level and salivary glucose in diabetic patients [r =0/9]; whereas this correlation was insignificant in the healthy control group [r = 0.18] This study showed a high correlation between blood glucose level and salivary glucose in diabetic patients

Detection of Heparin in the Salivary Gland and Midgut of Aedes togoi

Mosquitoes secrete saliva that contains biological substances, including anticoagulants that counteract a host's hemostatic response and prevent blood clotting during blood feeding. This study aimed to detect heparin, an anticoagulant in Aedes togoi using an immunohistochemical detection method, in the salivary canal, salivary gland, and midgut of male and female mosquitoes. Comparisons showed that female mosquitoes contained higher concentrations of heparin than male mosquitoes. On average, the level of heparin was higher in blood-fed female mosquitoes than in non-blood-fed female mosquitoes. Heparin concentrations were higher in the midgut than in the salivary gland. This indicates presence of heparin in tissues of A. togoi.

Effects of Mindfulness Meditation Program on Perceived Stress, Ways of Coping, and Stress Response in Breast Cancer Patients

PURPOSE: Purpose of this study was to examine the effects of the Mindfulness Meditation program on perceived stress, ways of coping, salivary cortisol level, and psychological stress response in patients with breast cancer. METHODS: This was a quasi-experimental study with a non-equivalent control group pre-post test design. Participants in this study were 50 patients who had completed breast cancer treatment (experimental group, 25, control group, 25). The experimental group received the Mindfulness Meditation program for 3 hours/session/ week for 8 weeks. Data were analyzed using chi2-test and t-test for subject homogeneity verification, and ANCOVA to examine the hypotheses. RESULTS: The experimental group had significantly lower scores for perceived stress, emotional focused coping, salivary cortisol level, and psychological stress response compared to the control group. However, no significant differences were found between two groups for the scores on problem focused stress coping. CONCLUSION: According to the results, the Mindfulness Meditation program was useful for decreasing perceived stress, emotional focused coping, salivary cortisol level, and psychological stress response. Therefore, this program is an effective nursing intervention to decrease stress in patients with breast cancer.

Programmed cell death in salivary glands of Drosophila arizonae and Drosophila mulleri

Programmed cell death (PCD) in insect metamorphosis assumes a great diversity of morphology and controlling processes that are still not well understood. With the objective of obtaining information about the PCD process, salivary glands of Drosophila arizonae and D. mulleri were studied during larval-pupal development. From the results, it can be concluded that the type of the PCD that occurs in these organs is morphologically typical of apoptosis (formation of apoptotic nuclei, followed by fragmentation into apoptotic bodies). Histolysis happens in both species, between 22 and 23 h after pupation. There were no significant differences between the species studied. Apoptosis does not occur simultaneously in all cells. Cytoplasmic acid phosphatase activity gradually increases during development, suggesting the existence of acid phosphatases that are only expressed during the apoptotic stage. Twenty hours after pupation, salivary glands already show biochemical alterations relative to nuclear permeability such as acidification, possibly due to the fusion of lysosomes with the nucleus a few hours before apoptosis. Autophagy seems to act together with apoptosis and has a secondary role in cell death.

Alterações bucais em pacientes com Síndrome de Sjõgren / Oral alterations in patients with Sjõgren's Syndrome

A Síndrome de Sjõgren (SS) é uma afecção auto-imune na qual o sistema imune compromete as glândulas exócrinas, envolvendo principalmente as glândulas salivares e lacrimais, determinando os quadros clínicos de xerostomia e ceratoconjuntivite seca. Entre os sintomas orais mais evidentes está a xerostomia, acarretando secura nos lábios, língua, faringe e conseqüente desconforto ao falar, mastigar e deglutir alimentos secos. A proposta deste trabalho foi apresentar um caso clínico de SS, enfatizando a sua importância clínica e a necessidade de um diagnóstico precoce, visando melhorar a qualidade de vida dos pacientes acometidos.

Potential of Anopheles philippinensis-nivipes complex mosquitoes as malaria vector in north-east India.

Anopheles philippinensis-nivipes complex mosquitoes, captured in outdoor human landing catches and light traps in human dwellings from four different sites in Assam state and adjoining areas, were examined (n=1670) for the presence of circumsporozoite antigen (CSA) through enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), using species specific capture monoclonal antibodies, of Plasmodium falciparum and two Plasmodium vivax polymorphs (Pv 210 and VK 247). In ELISA, 28 pools were found positive for CSA that accounted for minimum sporozoite rate of 1.7% (95% CI 1.11-2.41). Twenty five percent (7/28) of the positive pools were reactive for P. falciparum and between the two polymorphs of P. vivax, VK 247 was predominant with 77% (20/26) of all P. vivax positive pools. Results were suggestive of most likely involvement of Anopheles philippinensis-nivipes complex mosquitoes in malaria transmission in north-east India.

Effects of isoproterenol on weight and cell structure of parotid and submandibular salivary glands in stray dogs

Isoproterenol is a sympathomimetic agent that has been used for treatment of cardiac and respiratory diseases such as atrio-ventricular block, cardiac arrest and asthma in human and animals. Isoproterenol stimulates Beta adrenergic receptors in secretory units of salivary glands and causes increasing of salivation and histomorphological changes in short and long terms, respectively. Twenty adult female stray dogs were used as control and treatment groups. Chronic treatment ofisoproterenol with dosage of 0.3 mg per kg [19.9 +/- 1.4 kg bw] for 20 days revealed remarkable changes on weight of the parotid and submandibular salivary glands. In treatment group, histomorphological changes in submandibular gland were more clear than parotid and its mean weight from 8086 +/- 172 mg increased to 18587 +/- 379 mg. Hyperplasia and hypertrophy of secretory units in the submandibular gland were also detectable. As a result, the histomorphological differences that have been seen in this research between parotid and submandibular salivary glands can be related to type of receptors of secretory units

study on the effects of different temperatures on protein changes in the salivary glands of hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum and boophilus annulatus

It was determined whether ambient temperature influences the proteins produced by salivary glands of Hyalomma anatolicum analolicum and Boophilus annulatus. Unfed adults of H. anatolicum anatolicum and partly fed female adult of B. annulatus were subjected to different temperatures [4, 15, 28 and 42 C] and proteins in soluble denatured salivary gland extracts [SGE] analysed by SDS-PAGE. The authors noticed changes during different temperatures but 29, 55, and 97 KDa protein bands remained unchanged at all temperatures of two species and in B. annulatus 29, 36, 55, 66, 84, 97 and 205 KDa proteins were constant

Edematogenic and myotoxic activities of the Duvernoy's gland secretion of Philodryas olfersii from the north-east region of Argentina

Philodryas olfersii is found in South America, from Amazonas to Patagonia. It is important to characterize the venom of P. olfersii, who inhabits the North-East region of Argentina, since snake venoms are known to exhibit considerable variability in composition and biological activities. In this work, mice weighing 18-20 g (n = 4 for each experimental group) were used. For the edematogenic activity mice were injected s.c. in the right foot pad with 50 microl of solutions containing different amounts of venom, whereas the left foot pad was injected with 50 microl of PBS. Two hours after injection mice were killed by cervical dislocation and both feet were cut off and weighed individually. For the myotoxic activity mice were injected i.m. with 100 microl of solutions containing 40 microg of venom. Blood samples were extracted after 1, 3, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 and 24 h of venom injection to determinate serum CPK activity and mice were sacrificed at the same time intervals to obtain the inoculated gastrocnemius muscle. They were fixed with Bouin solution and stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin. Results showed that P. olfersii venom exhibits a high edematogenic activity (MED = 0.31 microg) and a moderate myotoxic activity. Myonecrosis reached its highest level after 12 h of venom injection as shown by plasmatic CPK levels (5,401 +/- 330 IU/l) and microscopic assay. It demonstrates the potential toxicity of the venom of P. olfersii, who inhabits the North-East region of Argentina. It also reinforces the original warning concerning the potential danger of bites by colubrids.

Análise quantitativa das AgNORs no carcinoma adenóide cístico intra-oral através da técnica de dupla marcação PCNA/AgNOR / PCNA/AgNOR double staining technique in adenoid cystic carcinoma

A análise quantitativa das AgNORs e imunomarcação para o PCNA têm sido empregadas de forma independente na avaliação da proliferação celular de vários tumores, e, em muitos casos, têm mostrado correlação positiva. Entretanto poucos trabalhos têm avaliado, em um mesmo corte histológico, a relação entre PCNA e AgNOR. O objetivo deste trabalho foi otimizar a técnica de dupla marcação com a finalidade de se estudar simultaneamente a correlação entre PCNA e AgNOR no carcinoma adenóide cístico (CAC) de glândulas salivares menores. Foram selecionados 16 casos de CAC classificados de acordo com o subtipo histológico. A análise quantitativa das AgNORs foi feita por meio de análise de imagens. As AgNORs foram contadas em cem núcleos PCNA positivos e em cem núcleos PCNA negativos. O número médio de AgNOR nos núcleos PCNA positivos foi 2,14 ñ 0,77, e, nos núcleos PCNA negativos, 1,97 ñ 0,79, entretanto esta diferença não se mostrou estatisticamente significante (p = 0,2537). Nosso trabalho não mostrou correlação entre o número de AgNOR e a imunomarcação para o PCNA em CAC quando estes marcadores foram demonstrados sinultaneamente através da dupla marcação. Quanto à técnica, o uso do microondas melhorou a coloração da AgNOR, permitindo uma redução no tempo de incubação com a solução de prata e uma melhor individualização das AgNORs, o que facilitou os procedimentos de contagem

[Macroscopic, microscopic, and histochemical studies of major salivary glands of camel [Camelus Dromedarius]]

In this investigation, macroscopic, microscopic, and histochemical structures of major salivary glands in ten adult camels of both sexes were studied. Results of macroscopic observations indicate that parotid salivary gland of camel is similar to that of small ruminants with only difference in site of excretory orifice of its duct. Structure of submandibular salivary gland is similar to that of the cattle, but the course of the submandibular duct is like that of the sheep. Sublingual salivary gland has both, polystomatic and monostomatic parts, similar to that of other ruminants, but the excretory orifice of common duct formed by the sublingual and submandibular salivary gland is different compared to that of the other ruminants. Histological investigations revealed that the parotid salivary gland is compound tubulo-alveolar with serous nature. Submandibular gland is compound tubulo-acinar identified as a seromucous gland and sublingual gland is both tubulo-acinar and tubulo-alveolar in male and only tubulo-acinar in female. Seromucosal nature of sublingual gland has been proved in both sexes, but the serosal secretory units in male's gland are formed as the serosal islets. Results of histochemical studies indicate that submandibular and sublingual glands contain both neutral and acidic mucosubstances. On the other hands, parotid gland is generally negative for both substances

Efeito do diazepam na secreçäo salivar e na atividade metabólica da glândula submandibular de ratos / Diazepan efects in salivary secretion and metabolic activity in rats salivary glands

Vários medicamentos podem modificar o fluxo salivar com efeitos indesejáveis à cavidade oral. Dentre essas drogas encontram-se os antidepressivos. Procurou-se nesse trabalho estudar o efeito da administraçäo crônica de diazepam (Vallium) nas propriedades das glândulas salivares de ratos. Foram utilizados 115 animais de 21 dias de idade, divididos em dois grupos, que receberam injeçäo diária de diazepam na dose de 0,28 mg/Kg (grupo experimental) e NaCl a 0,9% (grupo controle). Após 30 dias analisou-se a saliva dos animais, em termos de fluxo e concentraçäo protéica. Nas glândulas submandibulares determinou-se a concentraçäo de glicogênio, a atividade de glucose-6-fosfato desidrogenase e o quociente metabólico do tecido. Procurou-se também estudar o efeito da droga no crescimento dos animais. Os resultados mostraram que a única diferença significativa observada foi a diminuiçäo do fluxo salivar dos animais que receberam a droga estudada, sugerindo que o diazepam, mesmo utilizado cronicamente, näo afeta o metabolismo das glândulas salivares

Saliva e sua atuaçäo na cavidade oral / Saliva and its role in the oral cavity

Faz-se uma revisäo da literatura atual, fornecendo uma noçäo geral das glândulas salivares; enfocando a formaçäo e o mecanismo de secreçäo da saliva e, uma vez na cavidade oral, a atuaçäo de cada componente desse fluido na saúde bucal

Caracterización estructural y citoquimica de las glandulas salivales de ratas adrenalectomizadas / Structural and cytochemical characterization of the salivary glands of adrenalectomized rats

Considerando que el rol de ciertas hormonas adrenales sobre las glándulas salivales no ha sido suficientemente aclarado, decidimos el estudio de los cambios estructurales y citoquímicos que la adrenalectomía causa sobre estos órganos. El estudo estructural y citoquímico en submaxilar muestra modificaciones del parénquima glandular. Estos cambios se mantienen desde 7 hasta 45 días. No se encouetran alteraciones significativas en sublingual. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que se producirían modificaciones en los productos de secreción de estas glándulas